Nye ọtụtụ ndị, n'ụzọ dị mwute, akụkọ banyere autism malitere site na Andrew Wakefield.
Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-aghọta na echiche ụgha ya na nchọpụta ndị na-adịghị mma atụwo egwu ndị mmadụ site n'ịgba ụmụ ha ọgwụ, ma o nwekwara ike mee ka ndị mmadụ kwenye na ọrịa ọrịa autism na- ejikọta ya na ọgwụ.
Ụfọdụ ndị na-aga ebe ọ bụla ịjụ ebe ndị okenye niile na-ahụ maka onwe ha dị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ọrịa ọhụrụ nke autism kpatara kpatara ya site na mmụba nke ogwu.
Akụkọ Autism
Ọ bụrụ na ị na-ewe obere oge iji ghọta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke autism, ọ dị mfe ịhụ na enwere ọtụtụ ndị okenye na-ahụkarị nakwa na autism anọwo ogologo oge.
Ezi akụkọ nke autism laghachiri ọtụtụ iri afọ, ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ọtụtụ narị afọ. N'ezie, Steve Silberman, n'akwụkwọ ya bụ NeuroTribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity , na-ekwu na "ndị na-ahụkarị ndị mmadụ na-abụkarị akụkụ nke ụmụ mmadụ."
Akụkọ kachasị na-adịbeghị anya nke autism (nke ọma na nke ọjọọ ) gụnyere:
- Oliver Sacks na-ede na Henry Cavendish, bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị nke a mụrụ na 1731, nwere ọtụtụ àgwà na "ọ fọrọ nke nta ka pathognomic nke ọrịa Asperger." (1731/2001)
- Graham Farmelo, n'akwụkwọ ya bụ "The Strangest Man," na-ede na Paul Dirac, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị nke a mụrụ na 1902, nwere ike ịbụ autism. (1902/2011)
- Grunia Sukhareva, nwa na-agwọ ọrịa uche na Kiev, Russia, na-ede banyere ụmụaka nwere àgwà ndị na-enweghị atụ na German psychochiatry and neurology journal. (1926)
- Louise Despert, onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na New York, dere ihe dịka ọnụọgụgụ 23 nke ịkụziri ụmụaka nwata, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ihe mgbaàmà ndị yiri ụdị autism taa. (1938)
- Hans Asperger na-ebipụta ọmụmụ mmụta sayensị mbụ nke ụmụaka nwere autism ma ọ bụ Autismus, ihe gbasara ọmụmụ na-akọwa ụmụ anọ, ọ bụ ezie na o doro anya na ọ na-arụ ọrụ na 100s nke ụmụ nwere autism na ọrịa Aspergers n'ụlọ ọgwụ ya na Vienna. (1943)
- Leo Kanner na-ebipụta "Mgbasaozi Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Mmekọahụ," na-akọwa ndị 11 nwere ọrịa autism na nwata (aha e dere na 1944) n'akwụkwọ akụkọ "The Nervous Child." (1943)
- Kanner na-ekwuputa ozizi ya na ndị nne gri na friji (1949)
- Lauretta Bender na-arụ ọrụ na ụmụaka nwere ike ịmalite na 1950 na afọ 1960
- Bruno Bettelheim na-ede akwụkwọ ya bụ "Empty Fortress," nke na-eme ka nkwenye nne na refrigerator dị ka ihe kpatara autism. (1967)
- Na DSM-M, a na-akpọ ụmụ nwere mgbaàmà nke autism dị ka ịmalite ịkụziri ụmụaka nwata. (1952)
- Leon Eisenberg na-ebipụta akwụkwọ ya bụ "Nwa Mgbochi Na-eto Eto," na-eso ụmụ 63 autistic. (1956)
- E hiwere Autistic Children Aid Aid nke North London (emesị ghọọ The National Autistic Society). (1962)
- Bernard Rimland bipụtara akwụkwọ ya bụ "Infantile Autism: The Syndrome and Its Implications for a Neural Theory of Conduct." (1964)
- Ole Ivar Lovaas malitere ịrụ ọrụ n'echiche ya banyere ọgwụ ABA maka ụmụaka ndị nwere onwe ha. (1964)
- Ụlọ akwụkwọ Elgar nke Sybil malitere "ịkụziri ụmụaka na nlekọta ụmụaka." (1965)
- Otu ndi nne na nna nke umuaka ndi nwesiri ike nwere nzuko mbu nke National Society of Autistic Children (nke a na-akpọ Autism Society of America). (1965)
- Na DSM-II emelitere, ọ ka dị iche iche maka autism. (1968)
- A na-eme National Congress of Autistic Children's First Year Congress na Washington. (1969).
- Ụlọ ikpe Somerset na-aghọ "ụlọ ọrụ ọkachamara mbụ maka ndị nwere autism na UK." (1972)
- Lee Felsenstein, bụ onye e mesịrị chọpụta na ọrịa Asperger, na - emepụta akwụkwọ ozi kọmputa mbụ - Community Memory. (1973)
- Enwere ike ịkụziri ụmụaka akwụkwọ na mpaghara ebe ha na-echedo ikike nke, izute mkpa nke onye ọ bụla, ma meziwanye ihe maka "ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ, bụ ndị ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị e wepụrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ. (1975)
- Lorna Wing na-enyere aka ịzụlite 'ozizi atọ nke ụda' nke nsogbu ọrịa autism (1970)
- DSM-III na-emesị na-agụnye njirisi maka nyocha nke autism na-azụ ụmụ na ihe atọ dị mkpa. (1980)
- Susan Moreno na-emepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ na onyinye site n'aka ndị nwere autism "Akwụkwọ Residual Autism" (emesị degharịrị aha na 'ndị ọzọ nwere ike inwe obi ike' ma ọ bụ MAPP) (1984)
- Temple Grandin na-ede 'Mberede.' (1986)
- A tọhapụrụ vidiyo nke onye okenye autistic dị afọ iri abụọ na anọ - 'Foto nke nwoke na-eto eto.' (1986)
- DSM-III-R na-agbakwunye PDD-NOS ma na-agbakwụnye ntakịrị mgbanwe na nyocha nke ụmụaka autistic. (1987)
- A na-agụnye Autism dị ka akpaaka nkwarụ dị na Ndị Nyere Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ịnweta ọrụ. (1990)
- Donna Williams, onye na-eto eto, dere akwụkwọ mbụ nke akwụkwọ anọ na - emepụta - "Ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla." (1991)
- "20/20" na ihe ndị ọzọ na-egosi akụkọ na-agbalị ijikọta mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi na autism na obodo Leominster, Massachusetts, otu ụyọkọ autism a na-eche na ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya, na ọkara nke ụmụaka anaghị enwe autism na ụfọdụ ụmụ 'ọbụna na-ebi n'ógbè ahụ. (1992)
- Nzukọ Autism Network International ka otu ìgwè ndị autistic si eme. (1992)
- A na-agbakwunye ihe ndị ọzọ na-egosi nrịbama na ihe mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ na ụdị nke ịchọpụta autism na DSM-IV. (1994)
- Catherine Maurice dere akwụkwọ bụ 'Ka M Nụ Olu Gị: Otu Ezinụlọ Na-emeri Autism' (1994)
- Maịkel bụ àgwà na-enweghị atụ na akwụkwọ 'Microserfs' (1995) site na Douglas Copeland
- Oliver Sacks, MD na-ede, sị 'Otu onye na-agwọ ọrịa na Mars,' nke na-agụnye ọtụtụ akụkọ banyere ndị okenye autistic, gụnyere Temple Grandin na Stephen Wiltshire. (1995)
- Autism Network International International Mbụ ogbako maka ndetu. (1996)
- A na-emezi Autism Cure ugbu a ma mesịa jikọta ya na Autism okwu. (1995/2007)
- Andrew Wakefield bipụtara akwụkwọ ya na Lancet ma gwa ya na ya agaghịzi eji ọgwụ mgbochi MMR jikọtara ya n'ihi ihe ize ndụ nke autism. (1998)
- Judy Singer na-ede banyere ihe dị iche iche. (1999)
- Òtù Autism ahụ na-ewepụta Ribbon nke Ikike Ịgba Ọkụ Autism dịka "ihe mgbaàmà ụwa nke autism maara." (1999)
- Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Nchịkwa Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Autism (IACC) na-emekọrịta ihe site na Act 2000 nke Ụmụaka.
- Karyn Seroussi dere akwụkwọ bụ 'Unraveling the Mystery of Autism na Pervasive Developmental Disorder: Akụkọ Nne nke Nchọpụta na Mgbake' (2000)
- Na-ekwu maka Ịgwọ Autism (2000)
- Steve Silberman dere 'ọrịa Geek' na magazin Wired (2001)
- DSM-IV TR (2002)
- Ụdị Asperger Syndrome Partnership (GRASP) na ụwa na mpaghara Asperger Syndrome Partnership (GRASP), nzukọ nke ndị Asperger na Autism Spectrum Disorders na-agba ọsọ. (2003)
- Bernard Rimland, nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Autism na-emeri Autism Ugbu a! usoro iwu, na-ede akwụkwọ bụ "Recovering Autistic Children." A mụrụ nwa nwoke nwoke nwere onwe ya n'afọ 1956. (2003)
- A na-eme atụmatụ na ezighi ezi ụwa, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ maka arụmọrụ. (2004)
- Susan Senator na-ede 'Ime udo na Autism' (2005)
- Ari Neeman na-amalite Network Authentication Self (ASAN). (2006)
- Dora Raymaker na Christina Nicolaidis malite Ọmụmụ Autistic Spectrum Partnership In Research and Education (AASPIRE). (2006)
- Iguzogide Iwu Autism (2006/2011)
- Amelia Baggs posts 'Na My Asụsụ' video to YouTube (2007)
- Otu akụkọ CDC / ADDM na-ekwu na mgbasa ozi nke autism dị na 1 n'ime ụmụ 150 (ụmụaka a mụrụ na 1994). (2007)
- Jenny McCarthy malitere ịmalite ịrụ ọrụ na Generation Rescue, òtù ọzọ na-eche na ọgwụ na ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-akpata autism. (2008)
- Alison Singer si Autism na-ekwu ma malite Autism Science Foundation. (2009)
- Otu akụkọ CDC / ADDM na-ekwu na mgbasa ozi autism na-arịwanye elu ruo 1 n'ime 110 (ụmụaka a mụrụ na 1998). (2009)
- Corina Becker na-ede akwụkwọ na-amalite ụbọchị mbụ na-ekwurịta okwu nke ndị ọkachamara. (2010)
- Andrew Wakefield efunahụ ikike ikikere ya, a machibidoro ya ịme ọgwụ, mgbe ọ gbasịrị akwụkwọ nke autism ya. (2010/2004)
- Julia Bascom na-amalite ọrụ aka nke aka. (2011)
- Echere ndị na-eche echiche banyere Autism. (2011)
- Paula Durbin Westby na-ahazi Ọnwa mbụ anabatara Autism, bụ nke na-eme ugbu a n'April. (2011)
- Otu akụkọ CDC / ADDM na-egosi na mgbasawanye nke autism amụbawo ruo 1 na 88 (ụmụaka a mụrụ na 2000). (2012)
- DSM-5 na-ejikọta autism, Asperger, ọrịa disintegrative nwata, na PDD NOS n'ime ọrịa mgbaàmà autism. (2013)
- Otu akụkọ CDC / ADDM na-ekwu na mgbasawanye nke autism amụbawo ruo 1 na 68 (ụmụaka a mụrụ na 2002). (2014)
- Autism CARES Act of 2014
- Steve Silberman dere NeuroTribes (2015)
- Nkọwapụta CDC / ADDM ọhụrụ na-egosi na mgbasa ozi nke autism na-anọgide na 1 na 68 (ụmụaka a mụrụ na 2004). (2016)
Kedu ihe ọzọ?
Isi ihe
Manouilenko m, Sukhareva - Tupu Asperger na Kanner. Nord J Isi mgbaka. 2015 Aug; 69 (6): 479-82
Baker, Jeffrey, P. Autism na 70 - Na-agbanye mpaghara. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 1089-1091
Fellowes, Sam. Ndi Kanner N'ezie Kọwaa Akpa Mbụ nke Autism? The Mystery of 1938. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. July 2015, Nkebi nke 45, Esemokwu 7, pp 2274-2276
Feinstein, Adams. A History of Autism: Mkparịta ụka na ndị ọsụ ụzọ.
Silberman, Steve. NeuroTribes. 2015.