Dabere na isi iyi ahụ, na 1928 ma ọ bụ n'afọ 1929, Sir Alexander Fleming chọpụtara na "ịkpụ ihe ọṅụṅụ" nwere ike igbu nje bacteria na Petri. Fleming na ndị ọzọ nọ na Mahadum Oxford na-anọpụ iche na penicillin site na ihe ọṅụṅụ a. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị Briten enweghị ike ịpụta penicillin na oke zuru ezu, ya mere United States weghaara mmepụta ma mee ka penicillin dị.
Tupu iwebata ọgwụ nje na-agbasaghị na 1940, ndị mmadụ na-anwụ anwụ na-anwụ anwụ n'oge na-adịghị anya site na ọrịa oyi n'ahụ, ọrịa asaa (ọbara na-efe efe), gonorrhea na ndị ọzọ. Mmeghe nke penicillin kpughepụtara afọ ndụ.
Kedu ihe bụ Penicillins?
Penicillins bụ ihe okike ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejikọta ekem bụ nke nwere eriri β-lactam (beta-lactam) jikọtara na mgbanaka thiazolidine. Penicillins nwekwara mkpịsị aka nke agbanwe agbanwe. Mkpịsị aka abụọ a na-ekpebi mmemme antibacterial nke penicillin nke ọ bụla.
Enwere uzo ise nke penicillins:
- Penicillin anụ ahụ (Penicillin G)
- Aminopenicillins (ampicillin)
- Penicillin na-eguzogide penicillins (eche cloxacillin na nafcillin)
- Antipseudomonal penicillins (na-eche ticarcillin)
- Ụdị penicillin dị ogologo (na-eche piperacillin)
Nhazi nke Action
Maka akụkụ ka ukwuu, penicillin bụ bactericidal (ma ọ bụghị bacteria ) na-egbu nje bacteria na-akpaghị aka n'emebighị mmepụta.
N'ihi ya, penicillins nwere ike igbu ngwa ngwa nje bacteria.
N'ụzọ doro anya, penicillins na-ejikọta na protein-binding proteins (PBPs) nke bụ peptidases (enzymes) na mgbidi bacteria. Mgbe penicillin nwere ezigbo njikọta maka PBP nke nje bacteria, ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.
Site na ejiri aka na PBPs, penicillins na-egbochi nzukọ peptidoglycan na ịkọ njikọ ya ma si otú a kwatuo mgbidi ụlọ mgbidi.
Ndị a kinks na mgbidi nje bacteria na-eme ka nje bacteria na-ebibi onwe ya (autolysis).
Ọtụtụ ndị na-egbu nje bacteria na-eme n'oge ọganihu na-eto eto nke mmepụta nje bacteria.
Maka ọtụtụ akụkụ, penicillins na-arụ ọrụ nanị megide nje bacteria na-edozi ahụ. Ọrịa bacteria na-adịghị mma na-enwe lipopolysaccharide oyi akwa ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ mpụta nke na-eme ka o sie ike karị maka penicillin iji mebie mgbidi mgbidi na ịnweta PBPs.
Iji rụọ ọrụ ọ bụla, mkpanaka penicillin beta-lactam aghaghị ịnọgide na-adịgide. Dị ka ụzọ isi na-eguzogide, ọtụtụ nje bacteria amalitewo ịmepụta beta-lactamases, enzyme nke na-ezipụta penicillin beta-lactam mgbanaka ma mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-abaghị uru.
Ọgwụgwọ
A na-enweta penicillins dị ka mbadamba, capsules, na ngwọta maka ogwu. A na-etinyekarị ụbụrụ na-etinye uche na akụkụ nke eriri afọ na-ekesa n'ime ahụ dum. Maka akụkụ ka ukwuu, a na-agbapụ penicillin na mmamịrị.
Ọ bụ ezie na usoro nkwụsị nke nje bacteria na-egbochi ike nke penicillin, n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, a pụrụ iji penicillin mee ihe iji na-agwọ ọrịa dịgasị iche iche gụnyere:
- Ọrịa respiratory elu dị ka pneumonia
- Ọrịa Urinary na-efe efe
- Septicemia
- Ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo aka
- Meningitis
- Ọrịa intra-abdominal
- Ọrịa na-ebute site ná mmekọahụ dị ka gonorrhea na syphilis
N'ihe ama, a na-eji penicillin mee ihe-akwụkwọ iji mee ka ahụ ọkụ fever na ọrịa Lyme.
Mmetụta Ọjọọ
Mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọrịa penicillins gụnyere agụba afọ ọsịsa, ọgbụgbọ, vomiting, isi ọwụwa na yist. Site n'oge ruo n'oge, penicillins nwere ike ime ka ikpo ọkụ, ikpuchi, na nlebara anya dị oke njọ ma ọ bụ ihe nfụkasị dịka anaphylaxis na nnukwu nephritis interstitial.
Ngwọta kachasị mma maka ahụike nke penicillin bụ izere penicillin. Ọ bụrụ na ịnweta mmetụta ọjọọ site na iji penicillin mee ihe, biko gwa dọkịta gị tupu ya akọwa ọgwụ ndị dị otú ahụ.
Ọ bụ ezie na ezigbo penicillin allergy which results in anaphylaxis is rare-occurring in 1 to 5 cases per 10,000 cases of penicillin treatment-because cephalosporins share similar similar structure with penicillins, ndị na-arịa ọrịa na penicillins na-emekarị adịghị kenyere cephalosporins na vice versa.
Na 1940-obere ihe karịrị afọ 10 mgbe nchọpụta ya-òtù penicillin nke nyeere aka chọpụta ọgwụ ahụ chọpụtara na nje bacteria na ụlọ ha ejirila ghọọ nke na-eguzogide ọgwụ na penicillin ma na-emepụta penicillinase (beta-lactamase). Buru n'uche na mmegide nje bacteria na oge ochie bu ihe nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje.
Taa, nkwụsị ịrịa nje bụ isi nchebe ọha na eze na-echekwa na ọ bụ ihe anyị nwere ike inye aka gbochie. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ dị mkpa ka anyị nile ghọta na ọgwụ nje mee ihe dị mma, mana ha anaghị ebuso ọrịa niile-kpọmkwem nje nje. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụrụ na dọkịta gị edepụtara ọgwụ, biko mechaa usoro ọgwụgwọ niile.
Isi mmalite:
Aoki FY. Isi nke 45. Ụkpụrụ nke Antimicrobial Medicinal na Clinical Pharmacology of Antimicrobial Drugs. Na: Ụlọ Nzukọ JB, Schmidt GA, Osisi LH. eds. Ụkpụrụ nke Nlekọta Nlekọta, 3e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005.
Usoro ọgwụgwọ Mosby maka ndị ọkachamara na ahụ ike, Nke Abụọ bipụtara Elsevier na 2010.